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PQS is a general purpose quantum chemistry program. Its roots go back to the first ab initio gradient program developed in Professor Peter Pulay's group but now it is developed and distributed commercially by Parallel Quantum Solutions. There is a reduction in cost for academic users and a site license. Its strong points are geometry optimization, NMR chemical shift calculations, and large MP2 calculations, and high parallel efficiency on computing clusters. It includes many other capabilities including Density functional theory, the semiempirical methods, MINDO/3, MNDO, AM1 and PM3, Molecular mechanics using the SYBYL 5.0 Force Field, the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics mixed method using the ONIOM method, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and COSMO solvation models. Recently, a highly efficient arallel CCSD(T) code for closed shell systems has been developed. This code includes many other post Hartree–Fock methods: MP2, MP3, MP4, CISD, CEPA, QCISD and so on. ==History== The origin of PQS program was developed by Meyer and Pulay in the late 1960s. They both were at the Max-Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich by the time they began to write a new ab initio program. To begin with, the main propose of this project is to establish new ab initio techniques. Pulay and Meyer has slightly different interested.〔 Pulay was interesting in implement gradient geometry optimization, analytical energy derivatives (force), and force constant calculations via the numerical differentiation of analytical forces, while Meyer enthused in the coupled-electron pair approximation (CEPA), spin density calculation, and extremely acculate correlation methods like pseudonatural orbital-configuration interaction (PNO-CI).〔 At that time, analytical slope were limited to closed-shell Hartree-Fork wavefunctions. However, they were able to do in unrestricted (UHF) and restricted open-shell (ROHF) methods in 1970. After all, the first version of the code was completed in 1969 at Max-Plank institute and University of Stuttgart. Then, Meyer name it “MOLPRO” and used for Gaussian lobe basis sets.〔 In the 1970s, the current version of MOLPRO has been added a number of advanced methods such as multiconfiguration self-consistentfield (MC-SCF) and internally contracted multireference configuration interaction (MR-CI). Simultaneously, in the 1980s, MOLPRO got extended and mostly rewritten by Werner, Knowles and Meyer’s coworkers until present.〔 Meanwhile in 1976, Puley was visiting Boggs at the Universityof Texas, Austin and Schaefer at the University of California accordingly. They wrote a new program called TEXAS that based on original MOLPRO and replaced Gaussian lobe functions with the standard Gaussian.〔 TEXAS emphasized on a large molecule, SCF convergence, geometry optimization techniques, and vibrational spectroscopy-related calculation. From 1982 onward, the program was further developed at University of Arkansas.〔 The primary significant expansion was the usage of a few nearby electron correlation methods by Saebo and a first- order MC-SCF program by Hamilton. A critical option was the implementation of the first practical gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR chemical movement program by Wolinski, who additionally included a highly efficient integral package.〔 Bofill executed an unhindered natural orbital-complete active space (UNO-CAS) program including analytical gradients; this is a minimal-cost alternative to MC-SCF and works just as well in most cases. TEXAS was initially parallelized in 1995–1996 on a cluster of 10 IBM RS6000 workstations.〔 In 1996, Baker joined the Pulay exploration bunch and, around the same time, Intel drew out the Pentium Pro. Interestingly, a PC existed that was competitive with low-end workstations and less costly by around an order of magnitude. Understanding the capability of this improvement for computational chemistry, PQS was formed and a SBIR grant application was submitted in July 1997 for the commercial development of PC clusters for parallel ab initio calculations.〔 In the meantime, the Pulay group, financed by a National Science Foundation grant, set about constructing a Linux cluster using 300 MHz Pentium II processors. By a fortunate circumstance, a few profoundly capable and PC proficient graduate understudies were in the gathering around then, specifically Magyarfalvi and Shirel.〔 The PC cluster was a complete success, and significantly outperformed the IBM Workstation cluster that was the group's computational mainstay at a small amount of its expense.〔 The PQS programming was approximately demonstrated on the TEXAS code and parts of it (chiefly the NMR code) were authorized to PQS from the University of Arkansas.〔 Notwithstanding, a great part of the code was widely changed to comply with our twin points of (a) having all major functionality fully parallel; and (b) having the capacity to routinely perform calculations on extensive systems (Initially, in the late 1990s, we took to this to mean no less than 100 atoms and at least 1000 basis functions; it is a measure of how far the field has created from that point forward that systems of this size are now only regarded as modest).〔 They have always aimed primarily for a modest level of parallelism (from 8 to 32 CPUs), as this is the most widely recognized size for an individual or group resource. Indeed, even on very large clusters it is surprising for any given user to be allocated more than a percentage of the available processors, thus their target level of parallelism is still generally applicable regardless of the actual cluster size.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「PQS (chemical)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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